History 311Y Canadian External Relations (2004-2005)

University of Toronto
Department of History
History 311Y, 2004-2005
Canadian External Relations


Instructor: Dr. Adam Chapnick

Office: Munk Centre, Room 213N (416-946-8951)

Office Hours: Tuesdays and Thursdays, 3.15pm-4pm, or by appointment: a.chapnick@utoronto.ca

Teaching Assistants: Heather Metcalfe – heather.metcalfe@utoronto.ca
Denis Beer McKim – denis.mckim@utoronto.ca

Course Website: http://ccnet.utoronto.ca/20049/his311y1y/

Texts:
Norman Hillmer and J.L. Granatstein, Empire to Umpire
Robert Bothwell, The Big Chill
Course Reader – Available at Print City, 180 Bloor St. W. 1st Floor.

Schedule:
2 weekly lectures (TR 2.10pm – 3pm) George Ignatieff Theatre
Bi-weekly 1 hour tutorial (times and location TBA)

Description:

History 311Y is designed to introduce students to the history of Canadian external relations and imperial and foreign developments involving Canada as a colony or as an ally over the last 200 years. External relations are defined broadly, meaning that Canada’s political, economic, military, diplomatic, and at times cultural relations with other states will be explored with reference specifically to how these interactions helped shape the country’s development on the world stage. To understand the context of the foreign policy decisions taken in Canada, the course will consider both the domestic situation and politics abroad, with specific reference to the foreign policies of the United Kingdom and the United States.

While, by nature, a course of this breadth will focus on specific individuals and events, lectures will also examine the role of ideas in foreign policy development and the impact of the Canadian civil service on the evolution of the national external political identity.

In tutorial, students will have the opportunity to explore and discuss specific issues and themes in greater detail and to develop their own ideas about the nature of the Canadian state. Topics for tutorial have been selected to coincide roughly with the lecture schedule and to cover a variety of aspects of Canada’s external relations.

This course asks that students think critically about the nature of Canadian conduct in the international community and to develop their own individual interpretations of Canada’s evolving place in global politics.

Instructor Communication Policy:

Questions are welcomed and encouraged before, during, and after lecture (as well as during office hours). Email often serves as an additional helpful tool of communication between instructors and students. Therefore, emails to the instructor will receive – at minimum – an acknowledgement within 24 hours (48 hours on the weekend). If the instructor’s response is incomplete, it will include a time at which point the issue will be dealt with more thoroughly. Since all emails will be acknowledged, students who do not receive a response within 24 hours (48 hours on the weekend) should assume that their email did not reach the instructor. In this case, students are encouraged to either resend immediately, and/or contact the instructor by other means so that their questions can be answered in a timely manner.

Requirements:

Tutorial participation (includes oral presentation) 20%
Annotated bibliography (due: October 21st) 10%
Term Test (November 25th) 10%
Final Examination (between April 18th and May 6th) 35%

Professionalism is an important part of learning, and effective learning therefore includes taking deadlines seriously. Nevertheless, unforeseen circumstances too often cause even some of the most dedicated students to struggle to submit their best work within the time allotted. To recognize this, late penalties will not be assessed on the annotated bibliography until October 27th and on the research essay until March 16th. There will, however, be absolutely no extensions, and any and all discussion of and assistance on the assignments will end on the official due dates. Late papers arriving after the time allocated for unexpected emergencies will be penalized 5% per weekday. Written assignments may not be submitted after the date of the final examination without a petition from your college registrar.

For your two written assignments, you are highly encouraged to select a topic from the list provided on the website. In doing so, you can be certain that the resources you will need to complete the assignments successfully will be available through the university library system. Please keep your research notes. The instructor reserves the right to request them at any point before final grades are posted. Both written assignments must be completed in order to receive a passing grade in this course.

Assignments:

1. Tutorial (20%)
Active and consistent tutorial participation is crucial to getting the most out of this course and therefore a significant proportion of your final grade is reserved for your contribution to small group discussions. Effective participation involves coming to class prepared (have done the readings carefully) and contributing to discussion in a meaningful and thoughtful manner. Dominating tutorial is frowned upon, and complete silence is also highly discouraged. Those who perform best in tutorial direct their opinions to the entire group and incorporate the comments of others into their contributions; this is not the time to have a one-on-one discussion with your teaching assistant. We recognize that participation is much easier for some students than for others, and your teaching assistant and I will make every effort to ensure that even the shyest students feel comfortable participating. Tutorial presentations will be 6-8 minutes long and will be based on the tutorial readings. Your teaching assistant will explain the format in further detail during the first tutorial.

2. Annotated Bibliography (10%) – due October 21st

The goals of this assignment are four-fold:

1. To get you started on your research early and to make sure that you are on the right track;
2. To introduce you to the variety of sources available for research in history;
3. To make certain that you are familiar with proper citation methods in history;
4. To give your teaching assistant a sense of your writing ability and allow us to identify those of you who might require additional assistance before you write your final paper.

Your annotated bibliography will be 8-10 pages long and will be drawn from some of the sources that you will be using for your research essay. The topics for your research essay are listed on the last page of the syllabus. The assignment will include a 1-2 page (double spaced) introduction to your essay topic and justification of your selection of sources. The following 7-9 pages will include at least 10 sources. Of the 10, at least 1 must be an academic article, 2 must be academic monographs (books), and 2 must be primary documents. Each source will be listed in proper bibliographical format followed by a 1-2 paragraph explanation including: its main arguments, strengths and weaknesses, and the role that it will serve in your research essay. No entry should be more than 1-page long (double-spaced) and you should not be able to include more than 2 entries on a single page. Your teaching assistant and I will provide you with guidance in your search for relevant sources and I will be happy to answer questions about how to cite sources in bibliographies. You will be evaluated on your writing skills and on the quality of your analysis. Please note: there are more students than there are essay topics so begin your research early and do try to return books to the library as soon as you are finished with them. It is also worth remembering that your evaluator will recognize any and all attempts to manipulate font size and spacing.

3. Term Test (10%) – November 25th

The goals of the test are three-fold:

1. To evaluate your understanding of the material presented during the first half of the course;
2. To challenge you to integrate the knowledge you have acquired into the main themes in the course;
3. To prepare you for one of the main sections of the final exam.

The test will be taken in class and will be 50 minutes long. You will be asked to identify 5 terms and state their significance to the history of Canadian external relations. We will discuss what makes a good answer in lecture and none of the terms chosen for the test will come as a surprise if you attend lecture and tutorial consistently.

4. Research Essay (25%) – due March 10th

This is the most significant assignment in the course. The goals here are five-fold:

1. To develop your analytical and critical thinking skills;
2. To improve your comfort with primary and secondary research;
3. To (re)introduce you to the research and writing process for a lengthy academic paper;
4. To allow you to pursue a research interest in significant depth;
5. To develop and improve your academic writing skills.

The essay is to be 14-16 pages long (3500-4000 words), double-spaced, traditional (e.g. Times New Roman) 12 point font, plus footnotes and bibliography. Some of the research for this paper will be drawn from the annotated bibliography assignment, but it is expected that you will have used the feedback from that assignment to seek out and integrate additional material. Successful papers will incorporate primary evidence to help support their arguments. Since this is a course in external relations, essays should draw from more than just Canadian material. Please number the pages of your essay and include a cover page with a proper title, your name and student number, your teaching assistant’s name and the assignment’s due date.

5. Final Examination (35%) – Between April 18th and May 6th

The goals of the exam are straightforward:

1. To evaluate whether you have understood the main issues and themes covered in the course;
2. To assess your ability to use the information that you have learned to form convincing and thoughtful arguments.

The exam will be divided into 3 equally weighted sections and will be 3 hours long. The first section will look just like the term test, only the terms selected will be based on the material covered in the second half of the course. The second section will require you to draw specifically from the material discussed in tutorial. The final section will ask you to draw from material from the entire course.

Academic Conduct:

The following statement is excerpted from the 2004-2005 Faculty of Arts & Science Academic Calendar (www.artsandscience.utoronto.ca/ofr/calendar/rules.htm). For more complete information, please consult the Dean’s Office.

DISCIPLINE: CODE OF BEHAVIOUR ON ACADEMIC MATTERS

‘The University and its members have a responsibility to ensure that a climate that might encourage, or conditions that might enable, cheating, misrepresentation or unfairness not be tolerated. To this end all must acknowledge that seeking credit or other advantages by fraud or misrepresentation, or seeking to disadvantage others by disruptive behaviour is unacceptable, as is any dishonesty or unfairness in dealing with the work or record of a student.

Whenever in the Code [of Behaviour] an offence is described as depending on ‘knowing’, the offence shall likewise be deemed to have committed if the person ought reasonably to have known.

B.I. Offences

1. It shall be an offence for a student knowingly:
b. to use or possess an unauthorized aid or aids or obtain unauthorized assistance in any academic examination or term test or in connection with any other form of academic work;
c. to personate another person, or to have another person personate, at any academic examination or term test or in connection with any other form of academic work;
d. to represent as one’s own any idea or expression of an idea or work of another in any academic examination or term test or in connection with any other form of academic work, i.e. to commit plagiarism;
e. to submit, without the knowledge and approval of the instructor to whom it is submitted, any academic work for which credit has previously been obtained or is being sought in another course or program of study in the University or elsewhere;
f. to submit for credit any academic work containing a purported statement of fact or reference to a source which has been concocted.

2. It shall be an offence for a faculty member knowingly:
a. to approve of any of the previously described offences;
c. to evaluate academic work by a student with reference to any criterion that does not relate to its merit, to the time within which it is to be submitted or to the manner in which it is to be performed.

3. It shall be an offence for a faculty member or a student alike knowingly:
b. to engage in any form of cheating, academic dishonesty or misconduct, fraud or misrepresentation not herein otherwise described, in order to obtain academic credit or other academic advantage of any kind.

B.II. Parties to Offences

1. (a) Every member is a party to an offence under this Code who knowingly:
i. actually commits it;
ii. does or omits to do anything for the purpose of aiding or assisting another member to commit the offence;
iii. does or omits to do anything for the purpose of aiding or assisting any other person who, if that person were a member, would have committed the offence;
iv. abets, counsels, procures or conspires with any other member to commit or be party to an offence’

Students agree that by taking this course all required papers may be subject to submission for textual similarity review to Turnitin.com for the detection of plagiarism. All submitted papers will be included as source documents in the Turnitin.com reference database solely for the purpose of detecting plagiarism of such papers. The terms that apply to the University’s use of the Turnitin.com service are described on the Turnitin.com website.


Lecture Schedule (Fall Term):

September 9 Introduction

September 14 Before There Were Canadian External Relations, 1500-1812

September 16 Canada the British: The War of 1812

September 21 A Half Century of Change: Canada in World Affairs, 1815-1861

September 23 The American Civil War and Confederation, 1861-1867

September 28 Sir John A. Macdonald and the Era of New Beginnings, 1867-1873

September 30 Laying the Groundwork: Canadian External Relations, 1873-1896

October 5 Sir Wilfrid Laurier’s External Relations Infrastructure, 1896-1911

October 7 Laurier, the Empire and the United States, 1897-1909

October 12 Laurier, Borden and the Election of 1911

October 14 Sir Robert Borden and the Early Canadian War Effort, 1911-1916

October 19 The Politics of World War I, 1916-1918

October 21 Borden’s Legacy? The End of World War I and its Aftermath, 1918-1921 (Annotated Bibliography due)

October 26 The King Era Begins, 1921-1930

October 28 Towards Dominion Autonomy: King Foreign Policy, 1922-1929

November 2 The Great Depression, 1929-1939

November 4 Depression Diplomacy? The Policies of R.B. Bennett, 1930-1933

November 9 Politics and the Depression, 1933-1936

November 11 Mackenzie King’s Response to Hitler, 1935-1938

November 16 Uniting Canada for War, 1937-1939

November 18 A Naïve Country and a Phoney War, 1939-1940

November 23 Canada and Total War, 1941-1945

November 25 Term Test

November 30 Managing Canada’s War, 1941-1945

December 2 The Middle Power Project, 1941-1943

December 7 Planning for Peace, 1941-1945


Lecture Schedule (Winter Term):

January 4 Entering the Cold War, 1945-1947

January 6 Reconstructing Europe in the Early Cold War Period, 1946-1948

January 11 Louis St. Laurent and the Early Cold War in Europe, 1947-1949

January 13 Canada and the Early Cold War in Asia, 1947-1952

January 18 A Declining Power: Canada in World Affairs, 1953-1957

January 20 The Suez Crisis and the End of the Liberal Dynasty, 1956-1957

January 25 Minority Party Syndrome: Diefenbaker’s Early Years, 1957-1961

January 27 The Diefenbaker Roller Coaster, 1961-1963

February 1 Pearson Stumbles, 1963-1965

February 3 Split Decision: Lester Pearson Versus Quebec and Charles de Gaulle, 1963-1967

February 8 Peacekeeping: Canada’s National Pastime? 1948-1967

February 10 Canada and the ICSC: A Case Study in Peacekeeping, 1954-1965

February 22 The Vietnam War and Canadian-American Relations, 1964-1975

February 24 Pearson’s Legacy, 1965-1968

March 1 Pierre Trudeau Versus Quebec, 1968-1971

March 3 Trudeau’s New Direction, 1968-1970

March 8 Learning the Ropes: Trudeau Foreign Policy, 1969-1974

March 10 External Relations as Foreign Relations, 1975-1980
(Research Essay due)

March 15 Trudeau’s Legacy, 1980-1984

March 17 Brian Mulroney: A Second Look, 1984-1991

March 22 Turning Point? Free Trade in North America, 1984-1993

March 24 Mulroney Foreign Policy and the End of the Cold War, 1987-1993

March 29 Canada and the Human Security Agenda, 1993-2000

March 31 The Era of Disappointments, 1993-2000

April 5 “Canadian” External Relations

April 7 Exam Review


Tutorial Schedule:

Sept. 13/20 Introduction

Sept. 27/ Canada, the United States and the Reciprocity Debate of 1911

Oct.4

1. J.L. Granatstein, Yankee Go Home? Canadians and Anti-Americanism (Toronto: HarperCollins, 1996), 39-66.

2. Robert E. Hannigan, “Reciprocity 1911: Continentalism and American Weltpolitik,” Diplomatic History 4,1 (Winter 1980), 1-18.

3. Gordon T. Stewart, The American Response to Canada Since 1776 (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1992), 101-125.

4. Paul Stevens, ed., The 1911 General Election: A Study in Canadian Politics (Toronto: Copp Clark, 1970), 50-63; 101-104.

Oct. 11/18 Imperialism, Nationalism and World War I
1. Robert Craig Brown, “Sir Robert Borden, the Great War, and Anglo-Canadian Relations,” in J.L. Granatstein, ed., Towards a New World: Readings in the History of Canadian Foreign Policy (Toronto: Copp Clark, 1992), 28-46.
2. Carl Berger, ed., Imperialism and Nationalism, 1884-1914: A Conflict in Canadian Thought (Toronto: Copp Clark, 1969), 47-51; 60-62.
3. Joseph Levitt, ed., Henri Bourassa on Imperialism and Biculturalism, 1900-1918 (Toronto: Copp Clark, 1970), 64-81; 91-99; 161-162; 170-175.

Oct. 25/ Appeasement

Nov. 1
1. James Eayrs, “ ‘A Low Dishonest Decade’: Aspects of Canadian External Policy, 1931-1939,” in R. Douglas Francis and Donald B. Smith, eds. Readings in Canadian History: Post-Confederation, 3rd ed. (Toronto: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1990), 488-505.
2. Adrian W. Preston, “Canada and the Higher Direction of the Second World War, 1939-1945,” in B.D. Hunt and R.G. Haycock, eds., Canada’s Defence: Perspectives on Policy in the Twentieth Century (Toronto: Copp Clark, 1993), 98-102.
3. J.L. Granatstein and Robert Bothwell, “ ‘A Self-Evident National Duty’: Canadian Foreign Policy, 1935-1939,” Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 3,2 (January 1975), 212-233.
4. Angelika Sauer, “Goodwill and Profit: Mackenzie King and Canadian Appeasement,” in Norman Hillmer et.al., eds., A Country of Limitations: Canada and the World in 1939 (Ottawa: Canadian Committee for the History of the Second World War, 1996), 247-269.

Nov. 8/15 The North Atlantic Triangle in World War II
1. Donald Creighton, The Forked Road: Canada 1939-1957 (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1976), 38-44; 53-58; 72-74;
2. J. L. Granatstein, “Staring into the Abyss,” in J. L. Granatstein, Towards a New World: Readings in the History of Canadian Foreign Policy (Toronto: Copp Clark, 1992), 47-63.
3. J.L. Granatstein, Canada’s War: The Politics of the Mackenzie King Government, 1939-1945 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, [1975] 1990), 419-424.
4. Norman Hillmer, ed., Partners Nevertheless: Canadian-American Relations in the Twentieth Century (Toronto: Copp Clark, 1989), 99-107.

Nov. 22/29 Essay Preparation Tutorial (Attendance Compulsory)

Jan. 3/10 Canada’s Cold War
1. Don Page and Don Munton, “Canadian Images of the Cold War, 1946-47,” International Journal 32,3 (Summer 1977), 577-604.
2. David J. Bercuson, “‘A People So Ruthless as the Soviets’: Canadian Images of the Cold War and the Soviet Union, 1946-1950,” in David Davie, ed., Canada and the Soviet Experiment (Toronto: Canadian Scholars Press, 1994), 89-103.
3. Escott Reid, “The United States and the Soviet Union: A Study of the Possibility of War and Some of the Implications for Canadian Policy,” in Norman Hillmer and Donald Page, eds., Documents on Canadian External Relations, vol. 13, 1947 (Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 1993), 367-382.
4. X [George Kennan], “The Sources of Soviet Conduct,” Foreign Affairs 25,4 (July 1947), 566-582.
5. R.A. MacKay, ed., Canadian Foreign Policy 1945-1954: Selected Speeches and Documents (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1971), 388-399.

Jan. 17/24 Canadian-American Relations in the Korean War
1. Denis Stairs, “The Diplomacy of Constraint,” in Norman Hillmer, ed., Partners Nevertheless: Canadian-American Relations in the Twentieth Century (Toronto: Copp Clark, 1989), 214-226.
2. John Price, “The ‘Cat’s Paw’: Canada and the United Nations Temporary Commission on Korea,” Canadian Historical Review 85,2 (June 2004), 297-300; 321-324.
3. Robert Prince, “The Limits of Constraint,” Journal of Canadian Studies 27,4 (Winter 1992-93), 129-152.
4. Adam Chapnick, “Inevitable Co-dependency (And Things Best Left Unsaid): The Grandy Report on Canadian-American Relations, 1951-?” Canadian Foreign Policy 9,1 (Fall 2001), 19-28.
5. Lester B. Pearson, Words and Occasions (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1970), 101-108.

Jan. 31/ Canadian Defence Policy Under Diefenbaker

Feb. 7
1. J.L. Granatstein, Canada 1957-1967: The Years of Uncertainty and Innovation (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1986), 101-130.
2. Jocelyn Ghent-Mallet and Don Munton, “Confronting Kennedy and the Missiles in Cuba 1962,” in Don Munton and John Kirton, eds., Canadian Foreign Policy: Selected Cases (Scarborough: Prentice Hall, 1992), 78-100.
3. Arthur E. Blanchette, ed., Canadian Foreign Policy 1955-1965: Selected Speeches and Documents (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1977), 52-57.
4. J.L. Granatstein, ed., Canadian Foreign Policy Since 1945: Middle Power or Satellite? 3rd ed., (Toronto: Copp Clark [1969] 1973), 96-110; 119-125.

Feb. 21/28 Managing Quebec’s Role in International Affairs
1. Ronald G. Atkey, “The Role of the Provinces in International Affairs,” International Journal 26 (1970-71), 249-273.
2. Louis Sabourin, “Special International Status for Quebec?” in Stephen Clarkson, ed., An Independent Foreign Policy for Canada? (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1968), 97-109.
3. Arthur E. Blanchette, ed., Canadian Foreign Policy 1966-1976: Selected Speeches and Documents (Ottawa: Gage Publishing, 1980), 310-315.
4. Paul Martin, Federalism and International Relations (Ottawa: Queen’s Printer, 1968), 7-9; 47-48.
5. Claude Morin, Quebec Versus Ottawa: The Struggle for Self-Government, 1960-1972, trans. Richard Howard (Toronto and Buffalo: University of Toronto Press, [1972] 1976), preface; 159-164.
6. Luc Bernier, “Mulroney’s International ‘Beau Risque,’: The Golden Age of Québec’s Foreign Policy,” in Nelson Michaud and Kim Richard Nossal, eds., Diplomatic Departures: The Conservative Era in Canadian Foreign Policy, 1984-1993 (Vancouver and Toronto: UBC Press, 2001), 128-141.

Mar. 7/14 The Third Option
1. Norman Hillmer, ed., Partners Nevertheless: Canadian-American Relations in the Twentieth Century (Toronto: Copp Clark, 1989), 126-143.
2. Arthur E. Blanchette, ed., Canadian Foreign Policy 1966-1976: Selected Speeches and Documents (Ottawa: Gage Publishing, 1980), 106-111.
3. Peyton V. Lyon, “Second Thoughts on the Second Option,” International Journal 30,4 (Autumn 1975), 646-670.
4. Gilbert R. Winham, “Choice and Strategy in Continental Relations,” in W. Andrew Axline et. al., eds., Continental Community? Independence and Integration in North America (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1974), 228-239.

Mar. 21/28 Trends and Traditions in Canadian Foreign Policy
1. Costas Melakopides, Pragmatic Idealism: Canadian Foreign Policy, 1945-1995 (Montreal and Buffalo: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1998), 3-18.
2. Barbara McDougall, “Introduction,” in John English and Norman Hillmer, eds., Making a Difference? Canada’s Foreign Policy in a Changing World (Toronto: Lester Publishing, 1992), ix-xvi.
3. Norman Hillmer, “The Canadian Diplomatic Tradition,” in J. L. Granatstein, Towards a New World: Readings in the History of Canadian Foreign Policy (Toronto: Copp Clark, 1992), 6-16.
4. John Holmes, The Better Part of Valour: Essays on Canadian Diplomacy (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1970), 1-4.
5. Thomas Hockin, “Federalist Style in International Politics,” in Stephen Clarkson, ed., An Independent Foreign Policy for Canada? (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1968), 119-130.
6. Kim Richard Nossal, “Cabin’d, Cribb’d, Confin’d? Canada’s Interests in Human Rights,” in Robert O. Matthews and Cranford Pratt, eds., Human Rights in Canadian Foreign Policy (Kingston and Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1988), 46-58.


Annotated Bibliography / Essay Topics

1. Explain the American failure to conquer Canada with reference to the period 1775-1783.

2. Did anyone win the War of 1812? Consider, at minimum, the British, American and British North American positions.

3. Did the Anglo-American relationship help or hinder Canada’s national development? Consider with reference to the period 1815-1871.

4. Assess the impact of the United States on Confederation. In your answer, consider politics, economics and public opinion.

5. Was Sir John A. Macdonald a Canadian nationalist?

6. Compare the views of Henri Bourassa and Sir Wilfrid Laurier with respect to the British Empire. (use of French sources highly recommended)

7. Was Sir Robert Borden’s World War I foreign policy in Canada’s best interests?

8. Was Mackenzie King an imperialist? Consider with reference to the period 1922-1939.

9. Compare the Conservative and Liberal attitudes towards the League of Nations, 1919-1936.

10. Was Canadian foreign policy during World War II imperial, North American, or distinctly Canadian?

11. What role did Canada play in the development of the atomic bomb, 1941 – 1949?

12. Assess and evaluate the quality and quantity of Canada’s contribution to the Western cause in the early Cold War period, 1945-1949.

13. Evaluate the impact of Canada’s contribution to the unity of the Commonwealth between 1945 and 1963.

14. Compare the experiences and effectiveness of Lester Pearson and Paul Martin Sr. as Canadian ministers of external affairs.

15. Was Canada’s approach to relations with Cuba the right one? Consider with reference to the period 1959-1984.

16. Assess the importance of the United Nations to Canadian foreign policy, 1957-1984.

17. Compare the impact of Quebec on the foreign policies of the Pearson and Trudeau governments.

18. Whose government had a greater impact on the character of Canadian external relations: Pierre Trudeau’s or Brian Mulroney’s?

19. Why did Canada pursue freer trade with the United States in the 1980s?

20. Discuss Canada’s commitment to global humanitarianism, 1984-2000.

21. Was Lloyd Axworthy’s approach to Canadian foreign policy revolutionary?